Language Information

Lithuanian alphabet

Grammar

In everyday speech sentence structure is Subject-Verb-Object. There are no articles in Lithuanian. There are seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, vocative. The locative (inessive) isn't an objective case and words in the locative always are adjuncts, this way it could be also included in this subsection. However, according to a tradition of Lithuanian grammars, the locative is put with other "standard" cases.

Adverb forming cases:

• Illative
• Allative
• Adessive (historical or dialectical, not used in modern, standard Lithuanian)

Personal pronouns are not used very often in Lithuanian. In general, you will not have to use a personal pronoun if a verb is present. They are used for emphasis only with 3rd person subjects. Personal pronouns aš (I), tu (you) jis, ji (he, she, it) are declined as follows:

			Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Instrumental	Locative
Singular	1st Person		aš	manęs	man	mane	manimi	manyje
	2nd Person		tu	tavęs	tau	tave	tavimi	tavyje
	3rd Person	Masculine	jis	jo	jam	jį	juo	jame
		Feminine	ji	jos	jai	ją	ja	joje
Dual	1st Person	Masculine	mudu	mudviejų	mudviem	mudu	mudviem	mudviese
		Feminine	mudvi			mudvi
	2nd Person	Masculine	judu	judviejų	judviem	judu	judviem	judviese
		Feminine	judvi			judvi
	3rd Person	Masculine	juodu or jiedu	judviejų	jiedviem	juodu	jiemdviem	juodviese
		Feminine	jiedvi	judviejų	jodviem	jiedvi	jodviem	jiedviese
Plural	1st Person		mes	mūsų	mums	mus	mumis	mumyse
	2nd Person		jūs	jūsų	jums	jus	jumis	jumyse
	3rd Person	Masculine	jie	jų	jiems	juos	jais	juose
		Feminine	jos	jų	joms	jas	jomis	jose

Verb Tenses:

• present tense
• past tense
• past iterative tense
• future tense
• four perfect tenses, periphrastic
• four inchoative tenses, periphrastic

Moods:

• indicative mood (with all tenses)
• relative mood (with all tenses, non-conjugated)
• imperative mood (without distinction of tenses)
• optative mood (without distinction of tenses, having the 3rd person only, sometimes treated as the 3rd person of the imperative mood)
• conditional mood (without distinction of tenses)
• optative mood II, periphrastic, based on the conditional mood
• negative form
• indeterminate form (for true action with uncertain aspect)
• intensified periphrasis, based on the verbal intensifier

The three moods without distinction of tenses have periphrastic perfect along with their main form.

Voices:

• The Active voice
• The self-reflexive form (voice-like form, being sometimes in passive voice too)
• The Passive voice

- in a case of a participle it's a different grammatic form with 3 main tenses (it doesn't have the past iterative tense).

- in a case of conjugated verbs it's periphrastic, based on the passive participles (3 main tenses).

Conjugative verbal forms:

· The present tense

· The past tense

· The past iterative tense

· The future tense

· The imperative mood

· The optative mood (having the 3rd person only, sometimes treated as the 3rd person of the imperative mood)

· The conditional mood

The non-conjugative verbal forms are close to other non-conjugated grammatical categories, e. g. the participles are close to adjectives. But they also retain (except the verbal intensifier) verbal specifics to have their own subject (except the infinitive, the gerund and the semi-participle) objects and adjuncts.

• The infinitive
• The relative mood
• The gerund, or the verbal noun, is masculine noun, regularly made from any verb, not having distinction of tenses and not used in the plural number in its direct sense. The gerund has its own specific order, to put its objects.
• Participles:

- The participles of the active voice, there are different ones of four tenses (the present, the past, the past iterative and the future).

- The participles of the passive voice, there are different ones of three tenses (the present, the past, and the future).

· The sub-participles are verbal adverbs, not declined, being of four tenses (the present, the past, the past iterative and the future) of the active voice. The sub-participle has its own specific order, to put its subject.

· The semi-participle is a verbal adverb, closer to the main verb in the sentence than the sub-participle, not having distinction of tenses. The semi-participle isn't declined, but it has forms of number and gender, and they should be used in concord with the subject of the main verb in the sentence (whereas semi-participle couldn't have its own subject).

· The verbal intensifier is a verbal particle, used to mark more intensive action, than one of the single verb. It is quite always used with a verb of the same stem and never has its separate objects or adjuncts.

· The verbal interjection could be formed from verbs of certain categories. It's used like a simple interjection, but could have its own subject, objects and (not often) adjuncts.

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